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Lab Grade Chloroform, ACS Grade Chloroform And HPLC Grade Chloroform Are In Stock | Order Online Or By Phone At 512-746-8993 | Use A 10% Discount Code To Buy Chloroform Online Here
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Lab Alley is where you buy chloroform online in the United States. If you have questions about how to buy ACS reagent grade chloroform or laboratory grade chloroform, in various sizes, online here at LabAlley.com or would like to place an order, call 512-668-9918 or email customerservice@laballey.com to talk with a Chloroform Specialist.
Chloroform, stabilized with ethanol, can be purchased in the United States from Lab Alley. Use a 10% Discount Code to buy chloroform online in the United States.
Reagent Grade Trichloromethane is a volatile liquid that can be obtained online from Lab Alley at https://www.laballey.com/collections/chloroform. Lab Alley is a scientific, industrial and chemical supply company located in Austin, Texas. Buy chloroform for industrial processes, pharmaceuticals, molecular biology, RNA/ DNA extraction, pesticide formulations, wildlife control and as a fumigant.
100ml Bottle | 500ml Bottle | 1 Liter Bottle | 4 Liter Bottle | 4x4 Liter Case | 5 Gallon Pail | 55 Gallon Drum | Lab Grade ($) | ASC Reagent Grade ($$) | HPLC/UV Grade ($$$)
- Buy A 100ml (3.39 Ounces) Bottle Of Laboratory Grade Chloroform For $24
- Buy A 500ml (16.9 Ounces) Bottle Of Chloroform For $44
- Buy A 1 Liter (33.9 Ounces) Bottle Of Chloroform For $80
- Buy A 4 Liter (1.06 Gallon) Bottle Of Chloroform For $140
- Buy A Case Of 4 Bottles (4 Liter Bottles) For $400
- Buy A 5 Gallon Pail Of Chloroform For $500
- Buy A 55 Gallon Drum Of Chloroform For $3,000
Buy ACS Reagent Grade (99.9%) Chloroform | In Stock | For Laboratory And Chemistry Use
- Buy A 500ml (16.9 Ounces) Bottle Of ACS Reagent Grade Chloroform For $44
- Buy A 1 Liter (33.9 Ounces) Bottle Of ACS Reagent Grade Chloroform For $80
- Buy A 4 Liter (1.06 Gallon) Bottle Of ACS Reagent Grade Chloroform For $140
- Buy A Case Of 4 Bottles (4 Liter Bottles) For $400
- Buy A 20 Liter Bottle Of ACS Reagent Grade Chloroform For $500
- Buy A 5 Gallon Pail Of ACS Reagent Grade Chloroform For $500
- Buy A Bulk 55 Gallon Metal Drum For $3,000
Chloroform Chemical Properties
- Chloroform Boiling point: 142.2°F (61.2°C)
- Chloroform Molar Mass: 119.38 g/mol
- Chloroform Formula: CHCl3
- Chloroform Density: 1.49 g/cm³
- Chloroform IUPAC ID: Trichloromethane
- Chloroform Melting point: -82.3°F (-63.5°C)
- Chloroform PubChem CID: 6212
- Chloroform CAS Registry Number: 67-66-3
- Chloroform Toxicity
- Information On Chloroform From ChemSpider: ID: 5977, Properties, Spectra, Structure, Vendors, Articles, Reactions, Crystals CIFs, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Chloroform Effects: Shortness of breath, irritation of the nose and throat, excitement, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness.
- Chloroform Hazards: Chloroform (CHCl3) is a colorless liquid that quickly evaporates into gas. It can harm the eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Chloroform can be toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Exposure to chloroform may also cause cancer. Read more here.
- Chloroform Solvent Polarity
- Chloroform Solvent Extraction
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- Chloroform Is For Sale Online At LabAlley.com
- Solvent Uses: For Laboratory, Chemistry, HPLC, Botanical Extraction And Personal Use
- For Phenol/Chloroform Extraction and Ethanol Precipitation
Description Of Chloroform From Wikipedia
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl₃. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid and one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane. Read More Here.
Chloroform (CHCl3) is made by taking methane adding chlorine and then heating the compound up until between 400 and 500 degrees Celsius. The products formed are: chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. They are then separated by distillation. Read more here.
To avoid spectra dominated by the solvent signal, most 1H NMR spectra are recorded in a deuterated solvent. However, deuteration is not "100%", so signals for the residual protons are observed. In chloroform solvent (CDCl3), this corresponds to CHCl3, so a singlet signal is observed at 7.26 ppm. Read more here.
Chloroform is a solvent of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 is used to dissolve non-nucleic acid biomolecules in DNA and RNA extractions. ... Chloroform appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Denser (12.3 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Read more here.
Chloroform FAQ
Chloroform is a man-made by-product formed when chlorine is used to disinfect water. Chloroform is also used in industrial processes. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, non-irritating smell and a slightly sweet taste. It is nonflammable.
Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent). After solubilization, the addition of chloroform causes phase separation (much like extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol), where protein is extracted to the organic phase, DNA resolves at the interface, and RNA remains in the aqueous phase. Read more here.
Phenol-Chloroform Extraction
A mixture of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) is then added to promote the partitioning of lipids and cellular debris into the organic phase, leaving isolated DNA in the aqueous phase. Following centrifugation, the aqueous phase containing the purified DNA can be transferred to a clean tube for analysis.
Where To Get Chloroform Online In The USA?
Not many companies sell chloroform online in America even though there is a huge demand for this extremely useful chemical. U.S. citizens and American companies buy laboratory grade chloroform, HPLC/UV Grade Chloroform and ACS Reagent Grade chloroform online from LabAlley.com.
What Is The Price Of Chloroform For Sale Online?
Low priced, affordable reagent grade and laboratory grade chloroform is sold online every day on the Internet at LabAlley.com in small 100ml bottles ($24) and 500ml bottles ($34) because it is normally in stock. 1 liter bottles of chloroform cost $49. 4 liter bottles of chloroform cost $81 in the U.S. Chloroform sold in 5 gallon metal pails cost $270 when purchased online. Chloroform can be purchased in bulk by ordering 55 gallon drums that cost $2,490.
Where Is Chloroform Available And Who Sells Chloroform Online?
Because you can buy chloroform online, many people try unsuccessfully to buy pure chloroform at Amazon, Walmart or eBay but end up ordering it from chemical supply companies like Lab Alley, Sigma-Aldrich, Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corporation, Fisher Scientific or Grainger. Amazon does sell certain chloroform based products such as chloroform spray and starch indicator solutions (Chloroform 0.5% W/V), which Lab Alley does not sell.
Lab Alley also sells Carnoy's Solution which is a is a fixative composed of ethanol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and ferric chloride.
Trichloromethane has a mildly sweet taste. It has a pleasant, nonirritating ether-like odor. It is a nonflammable clear liquid. Chloroform, (IUPAC name trichloromethane), is for sale online by Lab Alley, a top-grade chloroform wholesale supplier and distributor headquartered in Austin, Texas. Laboratory and manufacturing facility purchasing managers can buy 500mL bottles, 1 and 4 liter bottles, 5 gallon pails and 55 gallon drums of chloroform. (CAS Number: 67-66-3).
Chloroform Stabilized With Ethanol And Amylene
Chloroform is unstable and is normally mixed with a small amount (0.5-1.0%) of stabilizers, such as high purity ethanol (97% to 100%) and amylene (2-methyl, 2-butane), to prevent accidents, to destroy the small amount of phosgene generated and to enhance product shelf life.
Local effects following inhalation of chloroform include shortness of breath and irritation of the nose and throat. Chloroform is a dangerously toxic substance. Acute inhalation can cause systemic effects such as, excitement, nausea and vomiting followed by ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness. In humans, chloroform affects the central nervous system (brain), liver, and kidneys after a person breathes air or drinks liquids that contain large amounts of chloroform.
Properties:
Chloroform is a colorless, sweet smelling liquid with anesthetic, euphoric, and sedative qualities when inhaled or ingested by humans. Chloroform has a boiling point of 61.15 °C and a melting point of −63.5 °C. It has a molar mass 119.37 g·mol−1. The density of chloroform varies based on its temperature: at -20°C, chloroform is 1.564 g/cm³, and at 60 °C, it is 1.394 g/cm³. Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) is one of the most common NMR solvents. Low levels of chloroform are found in the air and in coastal waters, inland rivers, lakes and groundwater. For information on chloroform structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature and biological activities, click here. Read the Public Health Statement regarding chloroform from the USA Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Read a concise chemical assessment of chloroform from the World Health Organization. Low levels of chloroform are found in the air and in coastal waters, inland rivers, lakes and groundwater. Levels can be higher in industrial areas as well as in the air above swimming pools containing chlorine. Chloroform is used as a solvent, a substance that helps other substances dissolve. Also, it is used in the building, paper and board industries, and in pesticide and film production. It is used as a solvent for lacquers, floor polishes, resins, adhesives, alkaloids, fats, oils and rubber. Chloroform is used in making Fluorocarbon 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane), a refrigerant. Until the mid-1900s, chloroform was used as an anesthetic to reduce pain during medical procedures. Today, it is not used in this way due to its harmful effects. Chloroform can be made at home using bleach and acetone. Chloroform has been banned for use in drug, cosmetic, and food products since 1976. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States. In some cases, chloroform is prohibited and restricted by FDA regulations. The use of chloroform in cosmetic products is prohibited because it causes cancer in animals and is likely to be harmful to human health, too. The regulation makes an exception for residual amounts from its use as a processing solvent during manufacture, or as a byproduct from the synthesis of an ingredient (21 CFR 700.18).
Safe Uses Of Chloroform In The United States | What Is Chloroform Really Used For?
- Chloroform For Personal Use As A Solvent
- For Laboratory Work
- For Chemistry Applications
- Chloroform Is Used As A Plant And Botanical Extract Solvent
- Industrial Solvent For For Gums, Fats, Resins, Elements Like Sulfur And Iodine And Many Other Organic Compounds.
- Solvent For Plant Extracts: Chloroform is an organic solvent used for the extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts.
- Solvent Isolation Of Alkaloids: Chloroform, along with diethyl ether, are excellent solvents for the purification, extraction and isolation of alkaloids in their base form.
- Nuisance Wildlife Control Industry: Chloroform is used in the nuisance wildlife control industry in the United States to help in the management of wildlife, skunks, control of opossums, bats and raccoons.
- Industrial Use Of Chloroform: Chloroform is used in many industries. It is released from pulp and paper mills, hazardous waste sites, chlorinated water, and certain landfills. Chloroform is used in some refrigerants, solvents, and chemical manufacturing.
- Reagent Use: As a reagent, chloroform serves as a source of the dichlorocarbene CCl2 group. It reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide usually in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst to produce dichlorocarbene, CCl2. This reagent effects ortho-formylation of activated aromatic rings such as phenols, producing aryl aldehydes in a reaction known as the Reimer–Tiemann reaction. Alternatively, the carbene can be trapped by an alkene to form a cyclopropane derivative. In the Kharasch addition, chloroform forms the CHCl2 free radical in addition to alkenes.
- Solvent Use: The hydrogen attached to carbon in chloroform participates in hydrogen bonding. Worldwide, chloroform is also used in pesticide formulations, as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, and resins, as a cleansing agent, grain fumigant, in fire extinguishers, and in the rubber industry. CDCl3 is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
- Information From Wikipedia: Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE. It is also a precursor to various refrigerants. It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane. It is a powerful anesthetic, euphoriant, anxiolytic and sedative when inhaled or ingested.
- Medicinal Uses: Chloroform is also used in the extraction of antibiotics, vitamins, and flavors, owing to its solvent property. Being 40 times sweeter than sugar, and because of its pain-relieving properties, it was used in toothpaste, mouthwash, and toothache-relieving medicines.
- Laboratory Uses: Chloroform is used for the preservation of organic tissues in laboratories, such as anatomical specimens, as it prevents their decay. Chloroform has many applications in molecular biology like DNA extraction from cells, using an extraction buffer.
- Industrial Use: Chloroform is used as a heat transfer medium in fire extinguishers, where it lowers the temperature of carbon tetrachloride. Chloroform serves as an intermediate in the production of dyes and pesticides like chloropicrin, and is used as a fumigant of stored-grain crops.
- Chloroform is used as a solvent for lacquers, floor polishes, resins, adhesives, alkaloids, fats, oils and rubber. Chloroform is used in making a refrigerant called Fluorocarbon- 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane). Until the mid-1900s, chloroform was used as an anesthetic to reduce pain during medical procedures.
- Organic (Phenol–Chloroform) Extraction Use: Organic (phenol–chloroform) extraction uses sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and proteinase K for the enzymatic digestion of proteins and nonnucleic acid cellular components. A mixture of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol is then added to promote the partitioning of lipids and cellular debris into the organic phase, leaving isolated DNA in the aqueous phase. Following centrifugation, the aqueous phase containing the purified DNA can be transferred to a clean tube for analysis.
- To learn about the social, medical and criminal history of chloroform, order the book titled "Chloroform: The Quest for Oblivion" on Amazon. Chloroform is a dangerously toxic substance.
How Much Does Chloroform Cost?
Chloroform is not an expensive solvent to purchase in the United States. A 4 liter bottle (1.06 gallons) of laboratory grade chloroform for chemistry work sells for $81 online at Lab Alley. A small bottle of chloroform for household or personal use is very affordable for most Americans. A 100ml bottle (3.39 ounces) of chloroform costs $24. A 5 gallon metal pail of chloroform for industrial use costs $270. High quality and high purity (99%) chloroform is not sold on Amazon.
Chloroform chemical formula is CHCl3 and its molar mass is 119.37 g mol-1. The molecule has the typical structure of a methane, which is the most related molecule due to chloroform is a methane where 3 hydrogen atoms has been substituted by 3 chloride atoms.
Does Chloroform Mix With Water?
When two immiscible liquids are mixed together, the less dense layers is a top layer and the more dense layer forms the bottom layer. When chloroform and water are mixed, the upper layer is water, because water is less dense. Read more here.
Acetone and chloroform form a compound, (CH3)2CO. CHC13, stable in the solid state though highly dissociated in the inolteil state. In agreement with this, the enthalpy of mixing is negative. Read more here.
Proton donors have hydrogen atom attached to electronegative atoms as nitrogen and oxygen, such as in alcohol, phenols and amines etc. Such compounds are protic solvents. They do not furnish proton in aqueous solution. Such is the case of CHCl3, chloroform. Read more here.
Chloroform With NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Chloroform will react with sodium hydroxide to yield the intermediary dichlorocarbene, sodium chloride and water. Chloroform will react with water vapor at high temperatures to generate hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide. Read more here.
Silver nitrate treatment of the aqueous phase of heterogeneous chloroform-nitric acid mixture clearly indicates that Cl- is formed during the chemical reaction between chloroform and nitric acid. The mechanism shows that chloroform, when treated with nitric acid, is converted to chloroformaldehyde. Read more here.
Chloroform To Remove Gutta Percha
Chloroform rapidly softens gutta percha and, in conjunction with files, allows for the removal of gutta percha in a crown-down manner. With the canals filled with chloroform bath then paper points are utilized to wick residual gutta percha and sealers from the more inaccessible regions of the root canal system. Read more here.
Upon ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the presence of oxygen, chloroform slowly converts into phosgene by a radical reaction. To suppress this photodegradation, chloroform is often stored in brown-tinted glass containers and with a small percentage of ethanol added. Read more here.
Chloroform With Ag Powder (Silver Powder)
When chloroform is heated with silver powder, double displacement reaction occurs. Read more here. When chloroform is heated with Silver powder at high temperature, ethyne (acetylene) is formed. Read more here.
Chloroform With Concentrated Nitric Acid
When chloroform react with conc. HNO3 it produces Chloropicrin or tear gas. Read more here. Chloroform is an organic substance and polar in nature. Inorganic acids like HNO3 are also polar in nature. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the nature of chemical reaction between chloroform and concentrated nitric acid. Chloroformnitric acid mixture appears as a heterogeneous mixture with two layers, aqueous and organic. Read more here.
Is Chloroform Soluble In Ethanol?
Chloroform is another name for the colorless, dense, liquid chemical compound trichloromethane. Nearly insoluble (unable to be dissolved) in water, chloroform easily dissolves in alcohol, ether, acetone, gasoline, and other organic solvents. It can be prepared by the chlorination of ethyl alcohol or of methane. Read more here.
Chloroform With Alcoholic KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)
The carbylamine reaction is a chemical test for detection of primary amines In this reaction, the p-toluidine is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform. If a primary amine is present, the isocyanide(carbylamines) is formed which are foul-smelling substances. Read more here.
Chloroform acts as an agent to slow and depress the central nervous system. This means that people exposed to the correct amounts of chloroform were able to sleep through medical procedures, or at least feel much less pain and be at relative ease during the procedure. Read more here.
Chloroform Safety And Exposure
Chloroform is known to form as a by-product of water chlorination along with a range of other disinfection by-products and as such is commonly present in municipal tap water and swimming pools. Reported ranges vary considerably but are generally below the current health standard for total trihalomethanes of 100μg/L. Nonetheless, the presence of chloroform in drinking water at any concentration is considered controversial by some. To read the Occupational Health Guideline for chloroform, click here. To read the EPA Hazard Summary of Chloroform, click here.
Chemical Properties Of Chloroform
Chloroform is a colorless liquid with and ethereal odor. Its density is 1.489 g mL-1 and its melting point is -63.5 ºC and its boiling point is 61.15 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and it is soluble in benzene, ditethylether and carbon tetrachloride.
Chloroform can harm the eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Chloroform can be toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Exposure to chloroform may also cause cancer. Workers may be harmed from exposure to chloroform. Large amounts of chloroform can cause sores when the chloroform touches your skin.
Chloroform is suspected of causing cancer (i.e., carcinogenic) as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
Chloroform Is Used As A Solvent
Chloroform was formerly used as an inhaled anesthetic during surgery, however, the main use of chloroform in USA industry is as a solvent. Around the glove, chloroform is also used in pesticide formulations, as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, and resins, as a cleansing agent, grain fumigant, in fire extinguishers, and in the rubber industry. It is used as a solvent in organic chemistry, in photography and in making dyes, drugs and pesticides.
It is not illegal to have chloroform in America. Chloroform should be used with exteme caution because it can be harmful and fatal in someone is exposed to extremely large doses for an extended period of time.
As of September of 2019, most of the chloroform sold by Lab Alley in the United States is used in homes, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities and laboratories to manufacture botanical oils, nutritional and dietary supplements and other chemicals. Chloroform-assisted phenol extraction is a popular application of chloroform in the USA. It is useful for the extraction, separation and purification of alkaloids of pharmaceutical importance from plant materials. It is also a reagent for certain chemical reactions.
Chloroform is used as a reagent, solvent and anesthetic. Chloroform is frequently mixed with Methanol for extraction and separation processes in laboratories. Industrially, chloroform is most often used as a precursor in the chemical reaction to create polytetrafluoroethylene, commonly known as "Teflon." Chloroform is frequently used in mixtures with phenol and isoamyl alcohol for RNA and DNA extraction processes. Chloroform is frequently used as a solvent in research laboratories because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently volatile. You’ve likely watched many movies where chloroform is used to knock people out in order to kidnap them or disable them for some other reason. It’s definitely good for that, but subversive maneuvers isn’t what it was originally made for. Originally it was used as an anesthetic to knock people out for surgery. Chloroform is also seen in pesticide formulas in countries outside the United States, as a solvent for several materials, as a grain fumigant, an ingredient in fire extinguishers to lower the freezing temperatures of carbon tetrachloride and other refrigerants, as well as in the rubber industry. Warning: Chloroform can daze or knock out people even when it's consumed in small doses. Chloroform should not be consumed. Chloroform (CHCl3) is dangerous due to its ability to depress the central nervous system.
Chloroform is used in the purification of some antibiotics, alkaloids, and vitamins. A small percentage is also sold as a laboratory reagent solvent for use as a reaction medium in the preparation of organic nitrogen compounds, acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, ethers, and other fine chemicals. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of dyes, plastics, resins and pesticides. It can also be involved as an industrial solvent in photography and as a heat transfer medium in fire extinguishers. Phenol–chloroform extraction is a liquid-liquid extraction technique in molecular biology used to separate nucleic acids from proteins and lipids. Urine is purified by extraction with chloroform.
Chloroform and Phosgene Generation
Chloroform is used in many organic extraction methods in molecular biology. It is recommended that it is stored in a dark place in an amber bottle and used only in a vented fume hood. Phosgene (used as a war gas in WWI) is a breakdown product of chloroform. Phosgene exposure can cause damage to the central nervous system in concentrations at only a small fraction of the permissible exposure limit of chloroform. Chloroform, stabilized with alcohol (ethanol), should be purchased in the future whenever possible. If non-stabilized chloroform is necessary for the work, it needs to be treated like peroxide forming compounds and be used up in a short amount of time. Amylene is also used as a stabilizer, but there is evidence that it may not prevent phosgene generation. Any unstabilized chloroform older than one year; it should be discarded as hazardous waste.
More About Chloroform From The History Channel
Chloroform is a powerful anesthetic agent, first used in 1847 by James Young Simpson when anesthesia was in its infancy.
By the time the American Civil War broke out in 1861, both ether and chloroform had been in use for several years as methods of surgical anesthesia. Though both anesthetic agents were developed around the same time (the 1840s), chloroform soon emerged as the more widely used, as it took action faster and was non-flammable. During the Civil War, ether and particularly chloroform became indispensable tools for military doctors, who performed tens of thousands of amputations and other types of procedures for wounded Union and Confederate soldiers.
Also called trichloromethane, chloroform is prepared through the chlorination of methane gas. It was first prepared in 1831 by the American chemist Dr. Samuel Guthrie, who combined whiskey with chlorinated lime in an attempt to produce a cheap pesticide. In 1847, the Scottish physician Sir James Young Simpson first used the sweet-smelling, colorless, non-flammable liquid as an anesthetic. When administered by dripping the liquid onto a sponge or cloth held so that the patient inhaled the vapors, chloroform was seen to have narcotic effects on the central nervous system, and produced these effects relatively quickly.
On the other hand, there were higher risks associated with chloroform than with ether, and its administration required greater physician skill. There were early reports of fatalities due to chloroform, beginning with a 15-year-old girl in 1848. Skill and care were required to differentiate between an effective dose (enough to make patient insensible during surgery) and one that paralyzed the lungs, causing death. Fatalities were widely publicized, and the risks involved led some patients facing surgery to decline anesthesia and brave the pain. Still, use of chloroform spread quickly, and in 1853 it was famously administered to Britain’s Queen Victoria during the birth of her eighth child, Prince Leopold.
Military Use of Ether and Chloroform
American military doctors began using ether as an anesthetic on the battlefield during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), and by 1849 it was officially issued by the U.S. Army. Though many army doctors and nurses had experience with using ether by the time of the Civil War, chloroform became more popular during that conflict, due to its faster-acting nature and a large number of positive reports of its usage during the Crimean War in the 1850s. During the Civil War, chloroform was used whenever it was available to reduce the pain and trauma of amputation or other procedures.
Chloroform Anesthesia Dosage
In 1848, Hannah Greener, a 15-year-old girl who was having an infected toenail removed, died after being given the anesthetic. Her autopsy establishing the cause of death was undertaken by John Fife assisted by Robert Mortimer Glover. A number of physically fit patients died after inhaling it. However, in 1848 John Snow developed an inhaler that regulated the dosage and so successfully reduced the number of deaths. In humans, a fatal oral dose of chloroform may be as low as 10 mL (14.8 g), with death due to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Chloroform is well-known for its anesthetic properties. If consumed in mild doses, it can daze or knock out the recipient. Read more about dosages of chloroform here.
Summary
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